Rodenticide Reference List

Note this reference list is being updated as studies emerge.

We have split the reference list between studies done in Australia and those done overseas. The international studies referenced below are primarily those on animal species most relevant to Australia’s environment, e.g. Australian Magpies studied in New Zealand, Barn Owls or domestic dogs across the world, etc.

Australian Studies

Birdlife Australia (2021). Anticoagulant Toxicity of Urban Powerful Owls in New South Wales. Unpublished Data
Bettink, K. (2015). Control and Eradication of Black Rats (Rattus rattus) on Penguin Island, Western Australia, December 2012–December 2014 Perth, Western Australia
Cooke, R., Whiteley, P., Jin, Y., Death, C., Weston, M. A., Carter, N., & White, J. G. (2022). Widespread exposure of powerful owls to second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides in Australia spans an urban to agricultural and forest landscape. Science of the Total Environment, 153024
Cooke, R., Whiteley, P., Death, C., Weston, M. A., Carter, N., Scammel, K., Yokochi, K., Nguyen, H., & White, J. G. (2023). Silent killers? The widespread exposure of predatory nocturnal birds to anticoagulant rodenticides. Science of the Total Environment, 166293.
Debus, S. (2012). Norfolk Island Boobook chick deaths. Boobook, 30, 6
Debus, S., & Tsang, L. (2023) Further dietary samples for Eastern Barn Owls Tyto javanica near Tamworth, New South Wales, revealed by habitat clearance. Australian Field Ornithology, 40, 46-48
Grillo, T., Cox-Witton, K., Gilchrist, S., & Ban, S. (2016). Suspected rodenticide poisoning in possums. Animal Heath Surveillance Quarterly, 21, 8
La Souëf, A., Lohr, M., Vaughan-Higgins, R., Wood, K., & Coiacetto, F. (2024) Second-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis in a Wild Carnaby's Cockatoo (Zanda latirostris). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery. 38:162-166
Lettoof, D., Lohr, M., Busetti, F., Bateman, P., & Davis, R. (2020). Toxic time bombs: Frequent detection of anticoagulant rodenticides in urban reptiles at multiple trophic levels. Science of the Total Environment, 724, 138218
Lohr, M. T. (2018). Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in an Australian predatory bird increases with proximity to developed habitat. Science of the Total Environment, 643, 134-144
Lohr, M. T., & Davis, R. A. (2018). Anticoagulant rodenticide use, non-target impacts and regulation: A case study from Australia. Science of The Total Environment, 634, 1372–1384
Mooney, N. (2017). Risks of anticoagulant rodenticides to Tasmanian raptors. Tasmanian Bird Report, 38, 17-25
Palmer, R. (2014). Eradication of the Pacific Rat (Rattus exulans) from Adele Island Nature Reserve, Western Australia: Impacts of the October 2013 aerial baiting on non-target species. Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, Wanneroo, Western Australia
Pay, J. M., Katzner, T. E., Hawkins, C. E., Barmuta, L. A., Brown, W. E., Wiersma, J. M., Koch, A. J., Mooney, N. J., & Cameron, E. Z. (2021). Endangered Australian top predator is frequently exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides. Science of the Total Environment, 788, 147673
Priddel, D., Carlile, N. & Wheeler, R. (2000). Eradication of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from Cabbage Tree Island, NSW, Australia, to protect the breeding habitat of Gould's petrel (Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera). Biological Conservation. 94, 115–125
Reece, R., Scott, P., Forsyth, W., Gould, J., & Barr, D. (1985). Toxicity episodes involving agricultural chemicals and other substances in birds in Victoria, Australia. The Veterinary Record, 117, 525-527
Saunders, G., Kay, B., & Parker, B. (1990). Evaluation of a warfarin poisoning programme for feral pigs (Sus scrofa). Wildlife Research, 17, 525-533
Sperring, V. F., Weeks, A. R., Webster, W., Macgregor, N. A., Wilson, M., Isaac, B., & Clarke, R. H. (2024). Diet breadth of a critically endangered owl presents challenges for invasive rodent management: a conservation conundrum. Emu - Austral Ornithology, 124, 187–198
Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Sevice (2014). Evaluation Report: Macquarie Island Pest Eradication Project. Hobart, Tasmania
Thomas, M., & Kutt, A. (1997). Owl populations and habitat: factors that could impact populations of native owls in the sugarcane growing areas in Queensland. Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research. James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville
Wildlife Heath Australia (2022). 2021 APVMA consultation on anticoagulant rodenticides chemical review. Online. WildLife Health Australia: WHA Submissions & Publications. Accessed 28 Jun 2022. Available at: https://wildlifehealthaustralia.com.au/WHADocuments/WHAsubmissionspublications.aspx
Wildlife Health Australia (2021). National electronic Wildlife Health Information System (eWHIS) surveillance data. Confidential Data. Data requests via: https://wildlifehealthaustralia.com.au/ProgramsProjects/eWHIS-WildlifeHealthInformationSystem.aspx#requests
Young, J., & De Lai, L. (1997). Population declines of predatory birds coincident with the introduction of Klerat rodenticide in North Queensland. Australian Bird Watcher, 17, 160-167

International Studies on animals relevant to Australian environment (including domestic animals, and Australian species with international distributions - e.g. Barn owls and Peregrine Falcons across the world, Australian Magpies in New Zealand, etc)

Allsop, S. E., Dundas, S. J., Adams, P. J., Kreplins, T. L., Bateman, P. W., & Fleming, P. A. (2017). Reduced efficacy of baiting programs for invasive species: some mechanisms and management implications. Pacific Conservation Biology, 23, 240-257
Alomar, H., Chabert, A., Coeurdassier, M., Vey, D., & Berny, P. (2018). Accumulation of anticoagulant rodenticides (chlorophacinone, bromadiolone and brodifacoum) in a non-target invertebrate, the slug, Deroceras reticulatum. Science of The Total Environment, 610-611, 576–582
Berny, P., Velardo, J., Pulce, C., D'amico, A., Kammerer, M., & Lasseur, R. (2010) Prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in humans and animals in France and substances involved. Clinical Toxicology. 48, 935–941
Bowie, M. H., & Ross, J. G. (2006). Identification of weta foraging on brodifacoum bait and the risk of secondary poisoning for birds on Quail Island, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 30, 219–228
Campbell, A. (1999). Common causes of poisoning in small animals. In Practice, 21, 244–249
Christensen, T. K., Lassen, P., & Elmeros, M. (2012). High Exposure Rates of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Predatory Bird Species in Intensively Managed Landscapes in Denmark. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63, 437–444
Dowding, J. E., Murphy, E. C., & Veitch, C. R. (1999) “Brodifacoum residues in target and non-target species following an aerial poisoning operation on Motuihe Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand.” New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 23, 207–14
Eason, C. T., Murphy, E. C., Wright, G. R. G., & Spurr, E. B. (2002). Assessment of Risks of Brodifacoum to Non-target Birds and Mammals in New Zealand. Ecotoxicology, 11, 35–48
Eason, C. T., & Spurr, E. B. (1995). The Toxicity and Sub-lethal Effects of Brodifacoum in Birds and Bats: A Literature Review. Science for Conservation, 6, 35–48
Elliott, J. E., Hindmarch, S., Albert, C. A., Emery, J., Minaeu, P., & Maisonneuve, F. (2014) Exposure pathways of anticoagulant rodenticides to nontarget wildlife. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186, 895-906
Fisher, P., Griffiths, R., Speedy, C., & Broome, K., 2011. Environmental monitoring for brodifacoum residues after aerial application of baits for rodent eradication. In: Veitch, C.R., Clout, M.N., Towns, D.R. (Eds.), Island Invasives: Eradication and Management. IUCN; Gland, Switzerland: pp. 300–304
Kotthoff, M., Rüdel, H., Jürling, H., Severin, K., Hennecke, S., Friesen, A. & Koschorreck, J. (2019). First evidence of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish and suspended particulate matter: spatial and temporal distribution in German freshwater aquatic systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26, 7315–7325
Lambert, O., Pouliquen, H., Larhantec, M., Thorin, C., & L’Hostis, M. (2007). Exposure of Raptors and Waterbirds to Anticoagulant Rodenticides (Difenacoum, Bromadiolone, Coumatetralyl, Coumafen, Brodifacoum): Epidemiological Survey in Loire Atlantique (France). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 79, 91–94
Mahjoub, T., Krafft, E., Garnier, L., Mignard, A., Hugnet, C., Lefebvre, S., Fourel, I., Benoit, E., & Lattard, V. (2022) Asymptomatic Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure in Dogs and Cats-A French and Belgian Rural and Urban Areas Study. Frontiers in Toxicology. 4, 907892. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2022.907892
Masuda, B. M., Fisher, P., & Jamieson, I. G. (2014) Anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum detected in dead nestlings of an insectivorous passerine. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 38, 110–115
Mercer, M. A., Davis, J. L., Riviere, J. E., Baynes, R. E., Tell, L. A., Jaberi-Douraki, M., Maunsell, F. P., & Lin, Z. (2022). Mechanisms of toxicity and residue considerations of rodenticide exposure in food Animals—a FARAD perspective. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 260(5), 514-523
Nakayama, S. M. M., Morita, A., Ikenaka, Y., Mizukawa, H. & Ishizuka M. (2019). A review: poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides in non-target animals globally. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 81, 298-313
Oliva-Vidal, P., Martínez, J. M., Sánchez-Barbudo, I. S., Camarero, P. R., Colomer, M. A., Margalida, A., & Mateo, R. (2022) Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides in the blood of obligate and facultative European avian scavengers. Environmental Pollution, 315, 120385
Seljetun, K. O., Vindenes, V., Øiestad, E. L. Brochmann, G. W., Eliassen, E., & Moe, L. (2020) Determination of anticoagulant rodenticides in faeces of exposed dogs and in a healthy dog population. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 62, 30
Shimshoni, J.A., Soback, S., Cuneah, O., Shlosberg, A., & Britzi, M. (2013) New validated multiresidue analysis of six 4-hydroxy-coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides in hen eggs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 25(6), 736-743
Vyas, N. B. (2017). Rodenticide incidents of exposure and adverse effects on non-raptor birds. Science of The Total Environment, 609, 68–76

Rodenticide Reference List

Note this reference list is being updated as studies emerge.

Australian Studies

Birdlife Australia (2021). Anticoagulant Toxicity of Urban Powerful Owls in New South Wales. Unpublished Data

Bettink, K. (2015). Control and Eradication of Black Rats (Rattus rattus) on Penguin Island, Western Australia, December 2012–December 2014 Perth, Western Australia

Cooke, R., Whiteley, P., Jin, Y., Death, C., Weston, M. A., Carter, N., & White, J. G. (2022). Widespread exposure of powerful owls to second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides in Australia spans an urban to agricultural and forest landscape. Science of the Total Environment, 153024

Cooke, R., Whiteley, P., Death, C., Weston, M. A., Carter, N., Scammel, K., Yokochi, K., Nguyen, H., & White, J. G. (2023). Silent killers? The widespread exposure of predatory nocturnal birds to anticoagulant rodenticides. Science of the Total Environment, 166293.

Debus, S. (2012). Norfolk Island Boobook chick deaths. Boobook, 30, 6

Debus, S., & Tsang, L. (2023) Further dietary samples for Eastern Barn Owls Tyto javanica near Tamworth, New South Wales, revealed by habitat clearance. Australian Field Ornithology, 40, 46-48

Grillo, T., Cox-Witton, K., Gilchrist, S., & Ban, S. (2016). Suspected rodenticide poisoning in possums. Animal Heath Surveillance Quarterly, 21, 8

La Souëf, A., Lohr, M., Vaughan-Higgins, R., Wood, K., & Coiacetto, F. (2024) Second-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis in a Wild Carnaby's Cockatoo (Zanda latirostris). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery. 38:162-166

Lettoof, D., Lohr, M., Busetti, F., Bateman, P., & Davis, R. (2020). Toxic time bombs: Frequent detection of anticoagulant rodenticides in urban reptiles at multiple trophic levels. Science of the Total Environment, 724, 138218

Lohr, M. T. (2018). Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in an Australian predatory bird increases with proximity to developed habitat. Science of the Total Environment, 643, 134-144

Lohr, M. T., & Davis, R. A. (2018). Anticoagulant rodenticide use, non-target impacts and regulation: A case study from Australia. Science of The Total Environment, 634, 1372–1384

Mooney, N. (2017). Risks of anticoagulant rodenticides to Tasmanian raptors. Tasmanian Bird Report, 38, 17-25

Palmer, R. (2014). Eradication of the Pacific Rat (Rattus exulans) from Adele Island Nature Reserve, Western Australia: Impacts of the October 2013 aerial baiting on non-target species. Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, Wanneroo, Western Australia

Pay, J. M., Katzner, T. E., Hawkins, C. E., Barmuta, L. A., Brown, W. E., Wiersma, J. M., Koch, A. J., Mooney, N. J., & Cameron, E. Z. (2021). Endangered Australian top predator is frequently exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides. Science of the Total Environment, 788, 147673

Priddel, D., Carlile, N. & Wheeler, R. (2000). Eradication of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from Cabbage Tree Island, NSW, Australia, to protect the breeding habitat of Gould's petrel (Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera). Biological Conservation. 94, 115–125

Reece, R., Scott, P., Forsyth, W., Gould, J., & Barr, D. (1985). Toxicity episodes involving agricultural chemicals and other substances in birds in Victoria, Australia. The Veterinary Record, 117, 525-527

Saunders, G., Kay, B., & Parker, B. (1990). Evaluation of a warfarin poisoning programme for feral pigs (Sus scrofa). Wildlife Research, 17, 525-533

Sperring, V. F., Weeks, A. R., Webster, W., Macgregor, N. A., Wilson, M., Isaac, B., & Clarke, R. H. (2024). Diet breadth of a critically endangered owl presents challenges for invasive rodent management: a conservation conundrum. Emu - Austral Ornithology, 124, 187–198

Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Sevice (2014). Evaluation Report: Macquarie Island Pest Eradication Project. Hobart, Tasmania

Thomas, M., & Kutt, A. (1997). Owl populations and habitat: factors that could impact populations of native owls in the sugarcane growing areas in Queensland. Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research. James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville

Wildlife Heath Australia (2022). 2021 APVMA consultation on anticoagulant rodenticides chemical review. Online. WildLife Health Australia: WHA Submissions & Publications. Accessed 28 Jun 2022. Available at: https://wildlifehealthaustralia.com.au/WHADocuments/WHAsubmissionspublications.aspx

Wildlife Health Australia (2021). National electronic Wildlife Health Information System (eWHIS) surveillance data. Confidential Data. Data requests via: https://wildlifehealthaustralia.com.au/ProgramsProjects/eWHIS-WildlifeHealthInformationSystem.aspx#requests

Young, J., & De Lai, L. (1997). Population declines of predatory birds coincident with the introduction of Klerat rodenticide in North Queensland. Australian Bird Watcher, 17, 160-167

International Studies on animals relevant to Australian environment (including domestic animals, and Australian species with international distributions - e.g. Barn owls and Peregrine Falcons across the world, Australian Magpies in New Zealand, etc)

Allsop, S. E., Dundas, S. J., Adams, P. J., Kreplins, T. L., Bateman, P. W., & Fleming, P. A. (2017). Reduced efficacy of baiting programs for invasive species: some mechanisms and management implications. Pacific Conservation Biology, 23, 240-257

Alomar, H., Chabert, A., Coeurdassier, M., Vey, D., & Berny, P. (2018). Accumulation of anticoagulant rodenticides (chlorophacinone, bromadiolone and brodifacoum) in a non-target invertebrate, the slug, Deroceras reticulatum. Science of The Total Environment, 610-611, 576–582

Berny, P., Velardo, J., Pulce, C., D'amico, A., Kammerer, M., & Lasseur, R. (2010) Prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in humans and animals in France and substances involved. Clinical Toxicology. 48, 935–941

Bowie, M. H., & Ross, J. G. (2006). Identification of weta foraging on brodifacoum bait and the risk of secondary poisoning for birds on Quail Island, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 30, 219–228

Campbell, A. (1999). Common causes of poisoning in small animals. In Practice, 21, 244–249

Christensen, T. K., Lassen, P., & Elmeros, M. (2012). High Exposure Rates of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Predatory Bird Species in Intensively Managed Landscapes in Denmark. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63, 437–444

Dowding, J. E., Murphy, E. C., & Veitch, C. R. (1999) “Brodifacoum residues in target and non-target species following an aerial poisoning operation on Motuihe Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand.” New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 23, 207–14

Eason, C. T., Murphy, E. C., Wright, G. R. G., & Spurr, E. B. (2002). Assessment of Risks of Brodifacoum to Non-target Birds and Mammals in New Zealand. Ecotoxicology, 11, 35–48

Eason, C. T., & Spurr, E. B. (1995). The Toxicity and Sub-lethal Effects of Brodifacoum in Birds and Bats: A Literature Review. Science for Conservation, 6, 35–48

Elliott, J. E., Hindmarch, S., Albert, C. A., Emery, J., Minaeu, P., & Maisonneuve, F. (2014) Exposure pathways of anticoagulant rodenticides to nontarget wildlife. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186, 895-906

Masuda, B. M., Fisher, P., & Jamieson, I. G. (2014) Anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum detected in dead nestlings of an insectivorous passerine. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 38, 110–115

Nakayama, S. M. M., Morita, A., Ikenaka, Y., Mizukawa, H. & Ishizuka M. (2019). A review: poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides in non-target animals globally. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 81, 298-313

Oliva-Vidal, P., Martínez, J. M., Sánchez-Barbudo, I. S., Camarero, P. R., Colomer, M. A., Margalida, A., & Mateo, R. (2022) Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides in the blood of obligate and facultative European avian scavengers. Environmental Pollution, 315, 120385

Seljetun, K. O., Vindenes, V., Øiestad, E. L. Brochmann, G. W., Eliassen, E., & Moe, L. (2020) Determination of anticoagulant rodenticides in faeces of exposed dogs and in a healthy dog population. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 62, 30

Shimshoni, J.A., Soback, S., Cuneah, O., Shlosberg, A., & Britzi, M. (2013) New validated multiresidue analysis of six 4-hydroxy-coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides in hen eggs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 25(6), 736-743

Vyas, N. B. (2017). Rodenticide incidents of exposure and adverse effects on non-raptor birds. Science of The Total Environment, 609, 68–76

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